The Opportunity Zone program was created as a provision of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of December 2017. The program was developed with the intent to help
encourage investment in economically distressed communities – called qualified opportunity zones (QOZs) – by allowing taxpayers to invest realized
capital gains in qualified opportunity funds (QOFs). Investors in QOFs are granted both immediate and eventual tax benefits.
The program has drawn widespread interest from investors despite little guidance as to how the program would operate. The IRS and Treasury Department released
proposed guidelines governing the program on Friday, October 19, 2018 that provide much needed clarity for investors and tax planners alike.
Under the program, benefits for investors are threefold:
- Investors are entitled to a temporary deferral of tax on realized capital gains (“Realized Gains”) to the extent [i] the
Realized Gains are reinvested in a QOF within 180 days of the realization event (e.g. sale of stock),
- Investors are entitled to a reduction of tax on Realized Gains on a sliding scale, depending on how long their investment in the QOF is held, and
- Investors will not be taxed on any gains earned by their investment in the QOF (“QOF Gains”) if the investment is held for more than
10 years.
What are Qualified Opportunity Zones?
Created to stimulate long-term investment in distressed communities, QOZs are real estate tracts designated by the governors of each state as low-income
census tracts and certified as such by the Treasury Department. Approximately 8,700 communities in all 50 states, Washington, D.C., and five U.S. territories
have been designated and certified as QOZs. For a map of certified QOZs, click here.
What is a Qualified Opportunity Fund?
A QOF generally is an investment vehicle, organized as a corporation or partnership, that invests at least 90% of its assets in “qualified opportunity
zone business property” and/or stock or interests in one or more other corporations or partnerships that hold substantially all [ii] of their tangible property as qualified opportunity zone business property. Taxpayers with Realized Gains can roll those gains into a QOF as long as
certain requirements are met.
To be eligible for the tax deferral, tax reduction and tax exclusion benefits, the QOF cannot merely purchase and hold the asset.If the original use of
the tangible property in the QOZ does not begin with the QOF, then the QOF must substantially improve the property by doubling its basis over any 30-month
period after its acquisition. [iii]
The proposed regulations issued by the IRS provide that any basis attributable to land will not be taken into account in determining whether a building
has been substantially improved, which makes repurposing vacant buildings in QOZs more attractive. However, in a helpful concession to the real estate
community in particular, the proposed regulations allow QOFs to bifurcate the land and improvements for purposes of determining the substantial improvement
test. For example, major renovation projects will qualify, rather than merely ground-up development [iv].
Tax Benefits
The tax deferral benefit is essentially straightforward: If an investor sells an asset and has Realized Gains, the investor may invest the portion of that
gain that the investor desires to defer with a QOF, provided such amount is invested in [v] the QOF within 180 days of the realization
event. Upon such an investment, the capital gains tax is deferred until the earlier of the investor’s disposition of its interest in the QOF or December
31, 2026.
In addition to the immediate benefit of deferring tax on the Realized Gains for long-term investors in QOFs, a portion of Realized Gains may be shielded
entirely from taxation.
Here’s how it would work: The investor’s tax basis in the Realized Gains may be stepped up 10% if the investor holds its investment for five years; the
step-up in basis is 15% if the investor holds its investment for seven years. Since reinvested Realized Gains ultimately will be taxed on December
31, 2026, at the latest, taxpayers looking to take full advantage of the 15% step-up in basis must reinvest capital gains into a QOF by December 31,
2019.
Finally, if the investor holds its investment in the QOF for 10 years or more, the investor’s tax basis in its QOF investment is increased 100% so that
no QOF Gains would be taxed.
An Illustration of How This Works
Suppose that on December 1, 2018, an investor sells stock in a publicly traded corporation to an unrelated person and realizes $1 million of gain on the
sale. If the investor reinvests the entire $1 million of gain into a QOF within 180 days of the sale and makes the requisite election [vi],
the $1 million will not be included in the investor’s gross income for the 2018 tax year. In addition, its inclusion in gross income is deferred until
the earlier of the date when the investor sells its interest in the QOF [vii] or December 31, 2026.
If this investor holds its interest in the QOF for longer than five years (i.e., until at least December 1, 2023), its tax basis for its Realized Gains
is stepped up 10%, or $100,000, effectively eliminating any taxation on 10% of its reinvested capital gains. Similarly, if the investor holds its interest
in the QOF for longer than seven years (i.e., until at least December 1, 2025), its tax basis in its Realized Gains is increased by 15%, or $150,000,
effectively eliminating any taxation on 15% of its reinvested capital gains.
Further, if the investor holds its interest in the QOF until at least December 15, 2029 (i.e., for more than 10 years), then although it will have recognized
the balance of its Realized Gains (i.e. $850,000), its tax basis in its QOF Gains is stepped up to fair market value upon its exit from the investment.So,
if on December 15, 2029, the investor’s interest in the QOF has a fair market value of $3 million, and the investor sells, its tax basis in its QOF
Gains is stepped up to $3 million. Practically speaking, the investor will avoid taxation on the $2 million appreciation of its QOF investment.
Deferral and Basis Step-Up Elections and Self-Certification as a QOF
Taxpayers are anticipated to make deferral elections on Form 8949, which will be attached to their federal income tax returns for the year in which the
gain would have been recognized if it had not been deferred. Notably, a partnership can elect to defer capital gains, and to the extent the partnership
does not elect to defer capital gains, a partner can make such election. To make an election to step up basis in an investment in a QOF held for 10
years or more, a taxpayer must have made a proper deferral election for that investment. Thus, taxpayers with gains can invest in QOFs up to the amount
of their capital gains and enjoy the tax benefits discussed above, but any investment in excess of their capital gains will not be entitled to those
benefits.
The proposed regulations generally permit any taxpayer that is a corporation or a partnership for tax purposes to self-certify as a QOF, so long as the
entity self-certifying is statutorily eligible to do so. It is expected that taxpayers will use new Form 8996 (Qualified Opportunity Fund), a draft
of which was issued concurrently with the proposed regulations, both for initial self-certification and for annual reporting of compliance with the
90% asset test.
A QOF determines compliance with this test by taking the average of (1) the percentage of QOZ property held in the QOF on the last day of the first six-month
period of the QOF’s tax year and (2) the percentage of QOZ property held in the QOF on the last day of the QOF’s tax year. The form would be attached
to the QOF’s Federal income tax return for the relevant tax years.
What’s Next
Now that more guidance has been given, the Opportunity Zone program promises to generate even more interest in real estate investment over the next few
years, especially for traditional long-term investors such as family offices. These investors have relied frequently on 1031 exchanges up to now to
help defer capital gains taxes.The Opportunity Zone program offers an attractive new way to defer and reduce potential future capital gains taxation.
Please note that this article is based on proposed regulations which are subject to final comments and administrative rulemaking by the IRS and Treasury
Department and therefore subject to change.
To learn more about the Opportunity Zone program or to discuss its tax implications for your personal situation, please contact one of Gould & Ratner’s
tax or real estate attorneys.
[i] Only one deferral election can be made with respect to a sale or exchange of an investment in a QOF. Therefore, an investor
presumably cannot invest a portion of its capital gains from the sale or exchange in a QOF and then later reinvest another portion of its capital gains
from the same sale or exchange in the same or a different QOF. An investor presumably can, however, roll over a portion of its gain instead of its
entire gain, although the IRS has not explicitly stated as such (though there are no compelling tax reasons for requiring an investor to defer its
entire gain).
[ii] Under the proposed regulations, only 70% of the tangible property owned or leased by the corporation or partnership must
be qualified opportunity zone business property to meet the substantially all requirement.
[iii] The IRS specifically sought comments on the definition of “original use” but the regulations imply that the policy expectation
is that QOFs will repurpose vacant property or underutilized land.
[iv] If a QOF purchases vacant land, it has to double the cost of that land.On the other hand, if a QOF purchases developed land
(and there is an allocation between land and building), it only has to double the cost of the building (and not the cost of the land).Note, though,
that an allocation can be challenged by the IRS.
[v] The IRS has not yet clarified whether a commitment to invest within 180 days of a realization event constitutes the required
investment within 180 days.
[vi] The election is made under Section 1400Z-2 of the Internal Revenue Code.
[vii] Until the IRS clarifies, the conservative point of view is that the QOF must continue to hold QOZ property from when the
investor purchases its interest in the QOF until it sells its interest in the QOF.
